This section contents information on educational environment, system and opportunities in different
countries outside Bangladesh. Courses and scholarship opportunities will also be incorporated here.
The education system in
the United States is the product of some 350 years of development,
incorporating ideas, methods, and practices from America and around
the world. U.S. education is well known for its diversity, openness,
quality, broad array of opportunities, and attitude of concern for
the student.
Almost 90 percent of
American students below the college level attend public elementary
and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local
and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school
includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places,
however, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students
attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven
through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school,
traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some
places begins at the tenth grade.
The United States does not
have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the
military academies (for example, the U.S. Naval Academy in
Annapolis, Maryland), are there schools run by the federal
government. But the government provides guidance and funding for
federal educational programs in which both public and private
schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees
these programs.
In American parlance, a college is
a four-year institution of higher learning that offers courses in related
subjects. A liberal arts college, for example, offers courses in literature,
languages, history, philosophy, and the sciences, while a business college
offers courses in accounting, investment, and marketing. Many colleges are
independent and award bachelor's degrees to those completing a program of
instruction that typically takes four years. But colleges can also be
components of universities. A large university typically comprises several
colleges, graduate programs in various fields, one or more professional
schools (for example, a law school or a medical school), and one or more
research facilities.
About 25 percent of colleges and
universities are privately operated by religious groups. Most of these are
open to students of all faiths. There are also many private institutions
with no religious ties. Whether public or private, colleges depend on three
sources of income: student tuition, endowments and government funding.
A college student takes courses in
his or her "major" field (the area of study in which he or she chooses to
specialize), along with "electives" (courses that are not required but
chosen by the student). It has been estimated that American colleges and
universities offer more than 1,000 majors.
Although there is no national
curriculum in the United States, certain subjects are taught in virtually
all elementary and secondary schools throughout the country. Almost every
elementary school, for example, teaches mathematics; language arts
(including reading, grammar, writing, and literature); penmanship; science;
social studies (including history, geography, citizenship, and economics);
and physical education. In many schools, children are taught how to use
computers, which have also become integral parts of other courses.
No single cause was identified for
what ailed American secondary education. Similarly, there was no one
solution. The U.S. Department of Education established a national commission
to examine the question. In 1983 the commission made several
recommendations: lengthen the school day and year, formulate a new core
curriculum for all students (four years of English; three years each of
math, science, and social studies; a half-year of computer science), and
raise the standards of performance in each subject. As a result, many
schools have tightened their requirements, and test scores for American
children have been rising.
The United States leads
the industrial nations in the proportion of its young people who receive
higher education. For some careers -- law, medicine, education, engineering
-- a college education is a necessary first step. More than 60 percent of
Americans now work in jobs that involve the handling of information, and a
high school diploma is seldom adequate for such work. Other careers do not
strictly require a college degree, but having one often can improve a
person's chances of getting a job and can increase the salary he or she is
paid.
UK Education
British Education has long attracted and
welcomed high caliber students of different nationalities and backgrounds,
and today builds on hundreds of years of experience in providing quality
education to international students. To ensure that the quality is
maintained, Britain has implemented unrivalled quality assurance and
academic audit systems.
Education in the UK is compulsory for everyone between the ages of five and
sixteen, and is provided by two kinds of schools: state-funded schools and
independent (fee-charging) schools. During this time they will receive
full-time education that is suited to their age, ability, aptitude and
special educational needs (SEN). If a child does not attend school, the
Local Education Authority (LEA) must be satisfied that other appropriate
provision is available. The UK has two distinct systems of courses and
qualifications: one for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and one for
Scotland, each compatible with the other.
Pre-school
or pre-preparatory education
Pre-school education is available in both the independent and the state
systems. Many children start their education at the age of three or four at
a nursery school or in the nursery class at a primary school.
Preparatory education
In the independent system,
preparatory (or primary) education is available for children aged five to
thirteen. Many international students enter at the age of seven, often as
boarders, and then transfer to a secondary school in the independent system
when they are either eleven or thirteen.
Primary
education
Most UK children enter the state education system when they go to primary
school at the age of five and generally move to secondary school or college
at the age of eleven. Primary teachers are responsible for teaching the
whole range of subjects in the National Curriculum together with religious
education. They take their own class for all subjects rather than the
subject-based specialist teaching found in secondary schools. The National
Curriculum gives the framework for primary education and the national system
for assessment and evaluation at ages 7 and 11 and the 'baseline
assessments' announced in October 1996 for all pupils entering primary
education.
Secondary education (including GCSEs and
equivalents)
All UK secondary schools, both
state and independent, teach pupils at least until the age of sixteen and
prepare them for GCSEs or equivalent qualifications. Significant numbers of
international students enter the UK secondary education system when they are
either eleven or thirteen. Many attend independent boarding schools.
Secondary teachers are
specialists, teaching one or more of the National Curriculum subjects
described elsewhere in this article or vocational courses which can make up
part of the school curriculum (usually for 14-16 year olds).
SPECIAL NEEDS PROVISION
What are special
needs?
Around 20 per cent of school age children are estimated to have special
educational needs at some point in their school career. A child with special
educational needs can be defined as one who, for a number of reasons, is
making significantly slower progress in one or more areas of their
development than others of the same age group. These could include children
who have temporary difficulties with reading or writing or those with an
accumulation of physical and mental disabilities. The Royal National
Institute for the Blind, for example, estimates that 56 per cent of visually
impaired children have other disabilities such as physical, hearing,
learning or communication difficulties. Learning difficulties may also be
due to a range of physical and medical conditions such as epilepsy, diabetes
and cystic fibrosis or emotional and behavioural difficulties, or dyslexia,
speech difficulties or hyperactivity. The range of difficulties are often
described in a range from mild and moderate learning difficulty to severe,
multiple and profound learning difficulty. However, only 2 per cent of
children have special needs in the latter category where the long term,
severe and complex nature of the difficulties require the provision of
special schooling or additional resources.
Where are special needs children taught?
The 1981 Education Act changed the law regarding children with disabilities
and handicaps and stated that: 'Where possible, all children with special
educational needs should be educated in ordinary schools' and 'For
integration to be effective, pupils with special educational needs must be
engaged in all or most of the activities of the school'. This includes, of
course, access to the National Curriculum. The legal obligation on Local
Education Authorities to integrate children with special needs in mainstream
schools is dependent on their parents' views being considered and also on
integration being compatible with providing 'efficient education' for the
other children in school and efficient use of resources. The Act gave a spur
to those areas of the country that already had strong integration policies.
All initial teacher training courses include at least an introduction to
special educational needs, with varying emphasis from course to course. Also
all schools have a special educational needs teacher coordinator and a
governor who will have responsibility for special education.
Special needs children are taught either in mainstream schools, special
schools or special units attached to mainstream schools. The special schools
may be LEA maintained or independent, offer boarding or day facilities and
be mixed or single-sex. Schools may be oriented to a particular disability
or aim to teach according to the severity of learning difficulty. The
promotion of integration means that special schools will, wherever possible,
send pupils to mainstream schools, even if it is only for specific classes.
Similarly mainstream schools may arrange for their pupils to attend special
schools. This form of partial integration may give special needs pupils
their first experience of an ordinary classroom routine and promote
understanding and caring in those who do not have special educational needs.
Post-sixteen education (including A-levels and
equivalents)
After completing compulsory education at the age of sixteen, students may
legally leave school and start work. Most, however, study A-levels or
equivalent qualifications as sixth-form students in a school, sixth-form
college or college of further education. International students often enter
the education system at this point, e.g. taking an A-level course in
preparation for further or higher education in the UK.
Post-eighteen Education
Sixth-formers usually finish their secondary education at the age of
eighteen with A-levels or equivalent qualifications, then go on to study at
either further or higher education level.
Further education (FE) (including career based courses and some degree
courses) This is the term used to describe education and training that takes
place after the school-leaving age of sixteen. Over six hundred FE colleges,
both state-funded and independent, offer a very wide range of programmes,
including English language courses, some GCSEs, A-levels and other
equivalents, career based courses, access courses and some degree courses.
Higher education (HE) (including degree courses, postgraduate programmes and
MBAs) This is the term used to describe the education and training that
takes place at universities, colleges and institutes offering studies at
degree level and higher. The UK has over ninety universities and more than
fifty HE colleges offering a wide range of courses, most of which lead to
degrees or equivalent qualifications, postgraduate qualifications or MBAs.
THE INDEPENDENT SECTOR
Independent schools are schools which receive no direct income from state
sources. Their funding comes largely from fees paid by parents. There are
many types of independent schools - selective and non-selective, boarding
and day, large and small, mixed and single-sex, urban and rural providing
education for children aged from 3 years to 18 years. Some independent
schools have a religious orientation with all the main Christian
denominations having a presence. Others have strong Jewish links but there
are other schools which have no more emphasis on religion than maintained
schools. There are about 2,500 independent schools in Great Britain,
educating more than 7% of the nation's children and 18% of sixth formers.
The Government's Assisted Places Scheme for day children aged 11 and over
offers financial assistance for some pupils. More than 25% of pupils in
independent schools now receive assistance with the payment of fees.
THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION SYSTEM
There are many similarities between teaching in Scotland and the rest of the
United Kingdom but some important differences include:
Around 96 per cent of the school population is catered for in Education
Authority Schools. Only a small number of schools have 'opted out'.
There is no National Curriculum as such. From the age of 5 to 14 education
is delivered through five areas which are language, mathematics, religious
and moral education, expressive arts and environmental studies
Primary schools take pupils from age 5 to 12.
Secondary schools take pupils from the age of 12. During the first two years
pupils follow a common course of five subjects. At the end of the second
year pupils choose the subjects they study for the following two years,
culminating in the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) exams at the
Standard (S) grade.
More 17 year olds are staying on for 5th and 6th year to take various exams
- Highers, Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC) modules and sixth
year studies. From 1997 an advanced 'Higher Still' programme will be
available.
The German Education System
German public education makes it possible for qualified kids to study
up to university level, regardless of their families' financial
status.
The German education system is different in many ways
from the ones in Anglo-Saxon countries, but it produces high- performing
students. Although education is a function of the federal states, and
there are differences from state to state, some generalizations are
possible.
Efforts have been made in the postwar years to make the system more
democratic, though some feel that the changes don't go far enough. It's
nevertheless possible for a child with the right academic ability to study
right up to the university level regardless of the financial status of the
family.
Among the charges is that it is decided too early, after completion of
the 4th grade, whether a child is bound for the universities, and hence
for the more prestigious and better paying careers. This rule has been
modified somewhat, and it is theoretically possible for a high achieving
student to get back on the university track at a later stage. This is not
a frequent occurrence though.
Children in Germany start school at the age of 6, and from grades 1
through 4 attend elementary school (Grundschule), where the
subjects taught are the same for all. Then, after the 4th grade, they are
separated according to their academic ability and the wishes of their
families, and attend one of three different kinds of schools:
Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium.
The Hauptschule (grades 5-9 in most German states) teaches the
same subjects as the Realschule and Gymnasium, but at a
slower pace and with some vocational-oriented courses. It leads to
part-time enrollment in a vocational school combined with apprenticeship
training until the age of 18.
The Realschule (grades 5-10 in most states) leads to part-time
vocational schools and higher vocational schools. It is now possible for
students with high academic achievement at the Realschule to switch
to a Gymnasium on graduation.
The Gymnasium (grades 5-13 in most states) leads to a degree
called the Abitur and prepares students for university study or for a dual
academic and vocational credential. The most common education tracks
offered by the standard Gymnasium are classical language, modern
language, and mathematics-natural science.
Grundschule teachers recommend their students to a particular
school based on such things as academic achievement, self confidence and
ability to work independently. However, in most states, parents have the
final say as to which school their child attends following the fourth
grade.
The Gesamtschule, or comprehensive school, is a more recent
development and is only found in some of the states. It takes the place of
both the Hauptschule and Realschule and arose out of the egalitarian
movements in the 1960s. It enrolls students of all ability levels in the
5th through the 10th grades. Students who satisfactorily complete the
Gesamtschule through the 9th grade receive the Hauptschule certificate,
while those who satisfactorily complete schooling through the 10th grade
receive the Realschule certificate.
No matter what kind of school a student attends, he/she must complete
at least nine years of education. A student dropping out of a
Gymnasium, for example, must enroll in a Realschule or
Hauptschule until nine years have been completed.
Beyond the Haupschule and Realschule lies the
Berufsschule, combining part-time academic study and
apprenticeship. The successful completion of an apprenticeship program
leads to certification in a particular trade or field of work. These
schools differ from the other ones mentioned in that control rests not
with the local and regional school authorities, but with the federal
government, industry and the trade unions.
German children only attend school in the morning. There is no
provision for serving lunch. There is a lot more homework, heavy emphasis
on the "three R's" and very few extracurricular activities.
A free higher education could lie beyond a German Abitur. No
tuition is charged at Germany's hundred or so institutes of higher
learning, but students must prove through examinations that they are
qualified.
There are several varieties of university-level schools. The classical
universities, in the tradition of Alexander von Humboldt, provide a broad
general education and students usually attend them for six and one-half
years. The Technical Universities (Technische Hochschulen) are more
aimed at training students for specific careers and are usually attended
for four and one-half years. There are also Hochschulen for art and music.
The whole German education system, including the universities, is
available at no charge to the children of bona fide expatriates. The
catch, of course, is that the classes are conducted in German, which is
usually all right for school beginners but becomes more and more of a
problem as the children get older.
This chart shows the basic path of the German education system, in
which students have a variety of options leading to different career
fields. The path varies slightly in different parts of Germany; local
schools can tell you the setup for where you live.
Japan has one of the highest standards of education and one of the
highest literacy rates in the world. About 93% of children enter high
school, and nearly all of them graduate. At over 40% in 2000, Japan also
has one of the highest university enrolment rates in the developed world,
and a huge number of state and private universities to serve the
population.
Japan is facing a dramatically changing population structure; with a
declining birth rate and increasing life expectancy, the population is
aging at a phenomenal rate. One of the consequences of this is that there
are no longer enough Japanese students to fill all the universities in
Japan, meaning that universities will soon have to start searching abroad
for foreign students and/or improve standards to compete in the domestic
market for students. This means that it is getting easier and easier for
foreign students to study in Japan.
The stages of the education system
The basic education system was modeled on a mixture of the British,
French and US systems, with the latter influence perhaps being the
largest. School consists of the following basic route:
Kindergarten
Elementary School (shogakkou)
Lower Secondary School (chugakkou)
Upper Secondary School (koukou; koutougakkou)
University
There are many other options. A more detailed breakdown would be:
Kindergarten
Elementary School (shogakkou)
Lower Secondary School (chugakkou)
Followed by any of the following, some of which can be followed on a
part-time or correspondence basis:
Upper Secondary School (koukou; koutougakkou)
Colleges of technology
Schools for the Blind
Schools for the Deaf
Schools for Other Disabled
Specialized Training College
This is followed by Higher Education, which may be at any of the
following (again, correspondence and part-time options are often
available):
Specialized training college (Nursing, Engineering, etc.)
Junior college
University
Graduate school (Master's courses, Doctoral courses)
Foreigners in Japan can join the education system at any stage. See
individual pages about each level for further details (navigate from left
menu).
Language Education in Japan
Japan has a fair number of Japanese Language Schools, the greatest
concentration being in Tokyo. The quality is greatly variable, although
the student body of most is not: almost all foreign students in Japan are
Chinese or Korean. Given the difficulty of learning Japanese for those
brought up in other language environments, this is hardly surprising.
However, an increasing number of foreigners from all over the world are
showing interest in learning Japanese and attending Japanese universities.
This is having a healthy effect on the Japanese language education system,
leading to a slow increase in standards.
If you are interested in studying in a Japanese university, you will
have to study in Japanese or English. Programs offered exclusively in
English are limited, and most students do learn Japanese before entering
university here. See the pages for Japanese
Language Schools and Universities
for further information.
Study In Malaysia
Malaysia is one of the rich country in Asia. There is lot of opportunities
for the students to get higher degree. Here, the cost of study is lower
than the other countries. The living cost is 350 ringti (5500 taka) for
each person. So, who are unable bare study-cost in Canada or UK or USA,
they can easily try for Malaysia. Students can contact directly by mail
to the college and university for getting visa.
Here we are giving the addresses of some reputed university of Malaysia:
University of Science Minden
11800 Penang, Malaysia
Tele: (4) 6577888
Fax: (4) 6575113
Taylors College
2A, Jalan Selasih
Taman Cheras
56100 Kualalampur, Malaysia
Tele: 603-932-8888
University of Technology
Kampus Skuai, karung Berkunci-791
80990 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
University of Agriculture
43400 UP, Seroang
Selangor, Malaysia
Putra University
43400 UP, Serdang
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Technological University Malaysia
Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
Tele: (7) 5576160
Fax: (7) 5502388
Canada Education
Canada is a huge country of
diverse peoples, lifestyles and landscapes. It offers a multiplicity of top
quality education programs of interest to international students. Canadian
educational institutions welcome over 100,000 international students a year
to study in Canada. Many provide special services for international
students, designed to assist them to integrate into the academic community
and to help them throughout their stay.
International Student Reception
Service is run from mid-August to mid-September at the international
airports in Vancouver, Toronto, Montréal and Halifax. This service assists
students in making connections for onward travel to other Canadian cities,
and helps them in their initial contact with their institutions.
Canada is a confederation of ten
provinces and three territories and under the Canadian constitution each of
the provinces and territories have their own responsibility for education.
As a result, Canada has no national or federal department of education.
Public education is under the jurisdiction of each of the ten provinces and
three territories. Although there are many similarities in the 13 education
systems across Canada, each reflects the diversity of its own regional
history, culture, and geography. Admission requirements, program and course
offerings, and fees vary from one institution to another. However, standards
across the country are uniformly high. It is advisable that the student
directly contacts the institution for more details.
The Canadian education system
encompasses both publicly funded and private schools, from kindergarten
through to university. The academic year generally runs from September to
April.
The following sections provide an
overview of the Canadian Education System.
Elementary / Secondary
Education (K - 12): Preschool programs or Kindergartens, operated by
local school authorities, provide pre-elementary education for 4-5
year-olds. Kindergarten programs are offered in elementary schools in all
provinces and territories. The Grade organization varies among the
ministries / departments of
education. In some areas, it involves Kindergarten to grade 8 (elementary
grades) and grades 9-12 (secondary level). Most school systems have an
intermediate level of school - junior high school or middle school.
Following elementary or middle level grades, school children proceed to
secondary school, high school, or senior high school, where they continue to
grade 12 (grade 11 in Quebec). Curriculum at the secondary level includes
both academic and vocational programs. Secondary school diplomas are granted
to students who pass the compulsory and optional courses of their programs.
Community Colleges: The
Community Colleges offer certificate and diploma programs in career and
vocational training. College-level institutions may also be known as
colleges of applied arts and technology, technology institutes. There are
about 150 Community Colleges in Canada.
Career Colleges: A
technical/career college is a privately owned and operated school with the
main objective of preparing students for the job market after a short period
of instruction. The emphasis at technical/career colleges is on practical
skills over a broad range of programs. They may specialize in specific areas
such as business, computers and secretarial skills. Although privately
owned, these schools are provincially approved and regulated, ensuring that
program standards and quality are maintained. Career colleges have highly
competitive fee structures.
Language Schools:
International students can come to Canada to study either English as a
Second Language (ESL) or French as a Second Language (FSL). Many people
choose to study ESL in Canada because of the many excellent ESL schools
across the country. International students can study ESL for general,
business or specific purposes. Students can receive training in the teaching
of ESL. Almost all universities and community colleges have ESL programs. In
general, most private ESL schools are very flexible in terms of program
requirements and intake dates.
FSL programs are offered
both through private and public institutes. Most, of the FSL schools are
located in the province of Québec. Students can usually enter a FSL school
program at any time of the year for any length of study.
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